Net

NET : Ethics and Netiquettes =15 Facts On Global Internet Usage = > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > =NET - FRIEND OR FOE =  Internet – A word that has totally changed the communication world. Internet was first used in Ist world war by America to transport valuable and shrouded information. But today Internet is used as not only a means of communications but also as means of entertainment, information and etc. Human resource’s importance could be seen here that how fastly it has reformed such a small thing for its use. >  Everyone is familiar with uses of internet – mass communication, getting information about almost anything, booking tickets, downloading application, games, songs, movies, etc, internet banking, emails, checking exam results etc. What a development! Our previous generation might haven’t even imagined of this. Internet has changed our lives and made it easier. >  But there is rarely anything which won’t be destructive or harming if not in control. Internet like other things is a good servant but a bad master. Under good use it doesn’t causes harm but when used wrongly it can cause a lot of harm. >  On student’s level internet should be a source of information and entertainment. But if we excessively do these it results to be harming. Used various bloging sites or chatting site, students are not able to concentrate on their studies. They are always impatient about what their friends have commented on them, Student are distracted from their studies. >  Concerning this we should control ourselves over the excessive use of internet. > > ==TEN COMMANDENTS == **THE TEN COMMANDMENTS FOR COMPUTER ETHICS from the Computer Ethics Institute ** > **1. Thou shalt not use a computer to harm other people. ** > <span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 11px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 140%;">**<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #0000ff; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 11px;">2. Thou shalt not interfere with other people's computer work. ** > <span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 11px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 140%;">**<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #0000ff; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 11px;">3. Thou shalt not snoop around in other people's files. ** > <span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 11px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 140%;">**<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #0000ff; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 11px;">4. Thou shalt not use a computer to steal. ** > <span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 11px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 140%;">**<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #0000ff; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 11px;">5. Thou shalt not use a computer to bear false witness. ** > <span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 11px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 140%;">**<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #0000ff; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 11px;">6. Thou shalt not use or copy software for which you have not paid. ** > <span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 11px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 140%;">**<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #0000ff; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 11px;">7. Thou shalt not use other people's computer resources without authorization. ** > <span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 11px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 140%;">**<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #0000ff; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 11px;">8. Thou shalt not appropriate other people's intellectual output. ** > <span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 11px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 140%;">**<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #0000ff; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 11px;">9. Thou shalt think about the social consequences of the program you write. ** > <span style="display: block; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 11px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 150%;">**<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #0000ff; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 11px;">10. Thou shalt use a computer in ways that show consideration and respect. ** > > > > == <span class="mw-headline" style="color: #0000ff; font-family: 'Lucida Console',Monaco,monospace; font-size: 120%;">Networks that led to the Internet  == > === <span class="mw-headline" style="color: #0000ff; font-family: 'Lucida Console',Monaco,monospace; font-size: 120%;">ARPANET === <span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 11px;"><span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: 'Lucida Console',Monaco,monospace; font-size: 120%;">Promoted to the head of the information processing office at  DARPA  , Robert Taylor intended to realize Licklider's ideas of an interconnected networking system. Bringing in [|Larry Roberts] from MIT, he initiated a project to build such a network. The first ARPANET link was established between the [|University of California, Los Angeles] and the [|Stanford Research Institute] on 22:30 hours on October 29, 1969. > <span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 11px;"><span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: 'Lucida Console',Monaco,monospace; font-size: 120%;"> By December 5, 1969, a 4-node network was connected by adding the [|University of Utah] and the [|University of California, Santa Barbara]. Building on ideas developed in [|ALOHAnet], the ARPANET grew rapidly. By 1981, the number of hosts had grown to 213, with a new host being added approximately every twenty days > <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: 'Lucida Console',Monaco,monospace; font-size: 120%;">ARPANET became the technical core of what would become the Internet, and a primary tool in developing the technologies used. ARPANET development was centered around the [|Request for Comments] (RFC) process, still used today for proposing and distributing Internet Protocols and Systems. [|RFC 1], entitled "Host Software", was written by [|Steve Crocker] from the [|University of California, Los Angeles] , and published on April 7, 1969. These early years were documented in the 1972 film [|Computer Networks: The Heralds of Resource Sharing]. > <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: 'Lucida Console',Monaco,monospace; font-size: 120%;">International collaborations on ARPANET were sparse. For various political reasons, European developers were concerned with developing the [|X.25] networks. Notable exceptions were the//Norwegian Seismic Array// ( [|NORSAR] ) in 1972, followed in 1973 by Sweden with satellite links to the [|Tanum] Earth Station and [|Peter Kirstein] 's research group in the UK, initially at the Institute of Computer Science, London University and later at [|University College London]. > > === <span class="mw-headline" style="color: #0000ff; font-family: 'Lucida Console',Monaco,monospace; font-size: 120%;">NPL === <span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 11px;"><span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: 'Lucida Console',Monaco,monospace; font-size: 120%;">In 1965, [|Donald Davies] of the [|National Physical Laboratory (United Kingdom)] proposed a national data network based on packet-switching. The proposal was not taken up nationally, but by 1970 he had designed and built the Mark I packet-switched network to meet the needs of the multidisciplinary laboratory and prove the technology under operational conditions.By 1976 12 computers and 75 terminal devices were attached and more were added until the network was replaced in 1986. > > > === <span class="mw-headline" style="color: #0000ff; font-family: 'Lucida Console',Monaco,monospace; font-size: 120%;">Merit Network === <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: 'Lucida Console',Monaco,monospace; font-size: 120%;">The Merit Network  was formed in 1966 as the Michigan Educational Research Information Triad to explore computer networking between three of Michigan's public universities as a means to help the state's educational and economic development. With initial support from the [|State of Michigan] and the [|National Science Foundation] (NSF), the packet-switched network was first demonstrated in December 1971 when an interactive host to host connection was made between the [|IBM] [|mainframe computer] systems at the [|University of Michigan] in [|Ann Arbor] and [|Wayne State University] in [|Detroit]. In October 1972 connections to the [|CDC] mainframe at [|Michigan State University] in [|East Lansing] completed the triad. Over the next several years in addition to host to host interactive connections the network was enhanced to support terminal to host connections, host to host batch connections (remote job submission, remote printing, batch file transfer), interactive file transfer, gateways to the [|Tymnet] and [|Telenet] [|public data networks], [|X.25] host attachments, gateways to X.25 data networks, [|Ethernet] attached hosts, and eventually [|TCP/IP] and additional [|public universities in Michigan] join the network. All of this set the stage for Merit's role in the [|NSFNET] project starting in the mid-1980s. > > === <span class="mw-headline" style="color: #0000ff; font-family: 'Lucida Console',Monaco,monospace; font-size: 120%;">CYCLADES === <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: 'Lucida Console',Monaco,monospace; font-size: 120%;">The [|CYCLADES] packet switching network was a French research network designed and directed by [|Louis Pouzin]. First demonstrated in 1973, it was developed to explore alternatives to the initial ARPANET design and to support network research generally. It was the first network to make the hosts responsible for the reliable delivery of data, rather than the network itself, using [|unreliable datagrams] and associated end-to-end protocol mechanisms. > > > === <span class="mw-headline" style="color: #0000ff; font-family: 'Lucida Console',Monaco,monospace; font-size: 120%;">X.25 and public data networks === <span style="background-color: #ffffff; display: block; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11px; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: 'Lucida Console',Monaco,monospace; font-size: 120%;">Based on ARPA's research, packet switching network standards were developed by the [|International Telecommunication Union] (ITU) in the form of X.25 and related standards. While using [|packet switching], X.25 is built on the concept of virtual circuits emulating traditional telephone connections. In 1974, X.25 formed the basis for the SERCnet network between British academic and research sites, which later became [|JANET]. The initial ITU Standard on X.25 was approved in March 1976. <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: 'Lucida Console',Monaco,monospace; font-size: 120%;">The [|British Post Office], [|Western Union International] and [|Tymnet] collaborated to create the first international packet switched network, referred to as the [|International Packet Switched Service] (IPSS), in 1978. This network grew from Europe and the US to cover Canada, Hong Kong and Australia by 1981. By the 1990s it provided a worldwide networking infrastructure. > <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: 'Lucida Console',Monaco,monospace; font-size: 120%;">Unlike ARPANET, X.25 was commonly available for business use. [|Telenet] offered its Telemail electronic mail service, which was also targeted to enterprise use rather than the general email system of the ARPANET. > <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: 'Lucida Console',Monaco,monospace; font-size: 120%;">The first public dial-in networks used asynchronous [|TTY] terminal protocols to reach a concentrator operated in the public network. Some networks, such as [|CompuServe], used X.25 to multiplex the terminal sessions into their packet-switched backbones, while others, such as [|Tymnet] , used proprietary protocols. In 1979, [|CompuServe] became the first service to offer [|electronic mail] capabilities and technical support to personal computer users. The company broke new ground again in 1980 as the first to offer [|real-time chat] with its [|CB Simulator]. Other major dial-in networks were [|America Online] (AOL) and [|Prodigy] that also provided communications, content, and entertainment features. Many [|bulletin board system] (BBS) networks also provided on-line access, such as [|FidoNet] which was popular amongst hobbyist computer users, many of them [|hackers] and [|amateur radio operators] .[// [|citation needed] //] > > > === <span class="mw-headline" style="color: #0000ff; font-family: 'Lucida Console',Monaco,monospace; font-size: 120%;">UUCP and Usenet === <span style="background-color: #ffffff; display: block; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11px; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: 'Lucida Console',Monaco,monospace; font-size: 120%;">In 1979, two students at [|Duke University], [|Tom Truscott] and [|Jim Ellis] , came up with the idea of using simple [|Bourne shell] scripts to transfer news and messages on a serial line [|UUCP] connection with nearby [|University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill]. Following public release of the software, the mesh of UUCP hosts forwarding on the Usenet news rapidly expanded. UUCPnet, as it would later be named, also created gateways and links between [|FidoNet] and dial-up BBS hosts. UUCP networks spread quickly due to the lower costs involved, ability to use existing leased lines, [|X.25] links or even [|ARPANET] connections, and the lack of strict use policies (commercial organizations who might provide bug fixes) compared to later networks like [|CSnet] and [|Bitnet]. All connects were local. By 1981 the number of UUCP hosts had grown to 550, nearly doubling to 940 in 1984. – Sublink Network , operating since 1987 and officially founded in Italy in 1989, based its interconnectivity upon UUCP to redistribute mail and news groups messages throughout its Italian nodes (about 100 at the time) owned both by private individuals and small companies. [|Sublink Network] represented possibly one of the first examples of the internet technology becoming progress through popular diffusion. > > > === ===
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 11px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> 35.6% of <span class="IL_AD" style="color: #800000; font-size: medium;">internet users are Asian
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 11px;"><span style="color: #800080; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: medium;">With average of 389 million of internet surfers each month, Asia is the largest internet crowd among other world regions
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 11px;"><span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: medium;">In Afirca, 3 out of 100 surf the Internet
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 11px;"><span style="color: #00ff00; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: medium;">In Asia, 10 out of 100 surf the Internet
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 11px;"><span style="color: #cc33ff; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: medium;">In Europe, 38 out of 100 surf the Internet
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 11px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> In <span class="IL_AD" style="color: #800000; font-size: medium;">Middle East, 10 out of 100 surf the Internet
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 11px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> In <span class="IL_AD" style="color: #ff00ff; font-size: medium;">North America, 70 out of 100 surf the Internet
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 11px;"><span style="color: #008080; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: medium;">In Latin America, 16 out of 100 surf the Internet
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 11px;"><span style="color: #000080; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: medium;">In Australia, 53 out of 100 surf the Internet
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 11px;"><span style="color: #ff6600; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: medium;">Only 16.6% of world population surf the internet
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 11px;"><span style="color: #000080; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: medium;">1 billion users around the globe are surfing the Internet every month
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 11px;"><span style="color: #993366; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: medium;">Amount of internet surfers in Asia (389,392,28 mil) is 11 times the population of Australia (34,468,443 mil)
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 11px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> 1 9% of internet users are from United States (210,080,067 mil)
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 11px;"><span style="color: #00ccff; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: medium;">Around 18 countries still doesn’t have Internet connection
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 11px;"><span style="color: #808000; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: medium;">North Korea’s internet penetration statistics is not publicized